HIATUS

"We are likely to be disconcerted....by hiatuses of thought"

-Edmund Wilson

Hiatus-a break, a gap, an interruption, Pause or the unrepresented time. Geologically speaking, hiatus indicates a break or gap in the geologic record, a period of erosion or non deposition. When such hiatus is evident in stratigraphic sections, geologists call it an unconformity. The Earth's crust is changing continuously with upliftment, subsidence and erosional activities. The data preserved in the rocks or as rocks is not complete and continuous. It is much like a book, layer by layer represented by pages. However some pages are torn or missing! These are unconformities. No, they aren't insignificant. They provide you with enough details you need to unravel. They mark the junction where different rocks, formed at different geologic times, by varied forces exist and sometimes they are separated by millions (even billion) of years. We realize that human life span is not even a moment compared to the geologic time!

Here, Precambrian schists which have been tried and tested by heat, pressure over time, folded and faulted may be overlain by smooth and calm horizontal beds of Cambrian (Nonconformities separate igneous/metamorphics from overlying sedimentary strata). Here, the inclined beds may be overlain by horizontal beds (angular unconformity). Some times, both the sedimentary deposits may be horizontal and separated by an erosional surface (disconformity). 

Types of Unconformities: http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/geotim/geotim.html

James Hutton, often called as 'Father of Modern Geology' (a Scottish farmer and naturalist) and a revolutionary observer of geological sections, made an important observation at the Siccar Point, Scotland in 1788. The juxtaposition of almost vertical layers of gray shale and overlying horizontal layers of red sandstone is seen here. Hutton put forth that the gray shale were deposited, uplifted, tilted, eroded and subsequently covered by ocean, when again the red sandstone was deposited. The boundary between the two rock types at Siccar Point is now called the Hutton's Unconformity, a geological landmark. 

Geological Society of America, http://www.gsahist.org/v35n03/11-poster.gif

(Animations for unconformity formations 

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo2/content/animations/10_4.htm)

Moving away from the geology, we do need to take a break and slow down some times. Essentially, to channelise the thoughts, to erode away the negativities and let new opportunities deposit! A newer self! So, taking a hiatus, doesn't mean calling it a day! :) It means hitting back with a zeal! Happy Hiatus. 

Sun, Surf, Sand...

I have a special affinity to coasts for several reasons. One being the tranquillity of the vast expanse of sea blue merging with serenity of the endless sky blue. And then the quartzitic sand, calcareous molluscs and gastropods and the sea breeze! Soaking in the Sun or playing with the surf. Want to hit the beach; we would think of Goa or Kerala as the getaway but close to home, Maharashtra is blessed with a wonderful coastline too! Right from the wide northern beaches to urban coasts of Mumbai to rocky cliffs along Murud to the white sandy beaches at Tarkali. From the mangroves of the estuaries to the few corals. From overcrowded Juhu to virgin Sindhudurg stretches. A trip along the Maharashtra coast is definitely worth every moment!

Other than the usual ‘tourist spots’, here are few ones not to miss. Extreme north Maharashtra, the Thane region has some surprisingly beautiful beaches especially around Nalasopara. It’s a perfect family picnic spot with abundant shady Casuarina and wide sandy beach. 

Time to be here: Sunset!

The extreme north Maharashtra coast is remarkably similar to South Gujarat, nature suggesting that boundaries are manmade! We all know about the Mumbai Chowpatis- the refuge for all Mumbaikars!

To munch on here: The Bhel Puri!

Furthur South, as you head towards Alibag, the road is good enough with fine eateries and dhabas on the way! The Alibag town itself doesn’t have a very pleasing coast but its neighbouring Kashid, Akshi and Revdanda make up for it. The Portugese Revdanda fort ruins run along the seashore and the waves lashing this fortification with palms fringes in setting offer a treat to the eyes.

When not to be here: At the high tide!

As you continue your journey to Murud, the roads have started winding by now. The Deccan basalts make their presence felt, sandwiching crescent sandy patches between its cliffs. You realise why ‘pocket’ beaches are called so.  The drive here is thoroughly enjoyable as the road runs parallel to the cliffy coast.

 Next stop: Janjira Fort!

It’s not just another fort; it stands tall and undefeated in the Arabian Sea. Sadly, these ruins are in bad shape and uncared for. Spare time here a couple of hours, as a ferry carries you from Rajapuri to the fort. 

Head to Shrivardhan from here to be awed by wider beaches here (Diveagar and Harihareshwar too can be considered). It’s a quiet seaside town but has some of the extremely cosy and hospitable cottage stay right in the ‘wadis’.

What to do here: walk around the wadis early morning!

And if you have thought so far you have visited the best places, then gear up, recharge your batteries and move on! Comparatively not so good roads, and fewer roadside eatery options, be ready for some ferry rides across the rivers. You can take a ferry ride (along with your cars/bikes) to Velas. 

Dapoli (Anjarle, Harnai) is worth the time. On the way south you will come across Enron around Dabhol. Time for another ferry ride. And before you reach Ratnagiri, Guhagar is the place to be and take some blessings from the favourite God at Ganapatipule! Just outside the hustle bustle of Ratnagiri there is a quiet beach Mirya, a good one to end the long day.

Not to forget: Ratnagiri Haapoos (if you travelling in summer). Hope you aren’t yet tired. The best is yet to come I assure!

The blue waters of Achra are intoxicating! This hue of the Arabian Sea continues throughout the Sindhudurg coast. 

Malvan is a foodie’s paradise. And Tarkarli a sand castle builder’s! The sparkling white sand is marvellous. The water sports lovers; Malvan is the place for you with its Scuba diving, Snorkeling, kayaks, banana rides, jet-ski.

Must visit: the Sindhudurg fort (this also brings back a lot of fuschite quartzite memories)

Again, spare a couple of hours for the 17^th century fort (Kurte island). The view from the top is breathtaking and the history of the fort intriguing. Majestic gates, fresh water reservoir, coconut tree with branch, temples, to keep you engrossed inside.

Before you decide to end this expedition spend a couple of days at uncluttered Vengurla-Shiroda-Velagar with its pristine silver sands and cool sea breeze.

Maharashtra’s affair with the Arabian Sea ends and Goa’s begins! It is time to pull back inland to home.

And the last thing to know: Go unplanned and be ready for surprises!

* Don’t be disheartened with the roads. Think about the surf, sand and sun you are going to be offered!

* Transportation best by ferries wherever possible.

* Many more places worth visiting are not mentioned. Due for next trip :)

Favourite of favourites

Some times it’s difficult to say which one is a better season. The monsoon which transforms the landscape with its magic wand or the wonderful winter that comes with long nights and clear skies (Nevertheless, there is immense joy in both these which cannot be ignored)! So gearing up for welcoming the winter (read clear skies) is a long awaited sensation after the one third year of rains! The favourite of the favourites become tricky to sort.

The rising of Moon over the building,

The tracing of constellation lines in imagination and weaving stories,

The winter chill making the telescope tube cold,

or the hot mug-o-chino under the dark sky!

The sight of the Milky Way,

or running up the terrace to watch Venus even as the Sun is setting

Pondering about which phase of the Moon is the most beautiful,

or is it the Moon itself?

Simply lying down and counting the meteors

Or false alarm planes.

Sleeping the whole day

to be awake the entire night!

Finding the Pole star the Big Dipper way

Not missing out the happy duo Mizar-Alcor.

Wishing the telescope turning into a huge Hubble-like-thing

and site into Class 1 Bortle!

Waiting for the Bull, the Lion and the Scorpio,

the blue giant and red super giant!

Trying to imagine where a star would be in the Hertzsprung-Russel,

Or knowing that the planet in opposition is there to accompany you through the cold hours.

The Messiers and much more!

Loving the silent stillness of the night,

Yet knowing that seemingly insignificant points are reciting their evolution aloud!

The sound of the night-These are a few of my favourite things!

Wonders of the Solar System

The Blue Planet-Earth! Blue because of the life sustaining liquid water in abundance. It’s a perfect ‘Goldilocks’ planet. Neither too hot, nor too cold and even better with its thick atmosphere and perfect ratio of gases. Above all, it supports life right from micro organisms to the mammoths. It is the reason we are all here. Then there are nature’s creations that intake carbon dioxide and sunlight and make their own food-the plants. Earth is the third of eight planets of our Solar system and is simply perfect! This is indeed the biggest and most fascinating wonder of the Solar System (and the Universe as much as we know it today).

The others may be not-so-perfect, yet they are enchanting, appealing and posing several open questions. Flowing with the laws of physics known and unknown, these are striking in all sense! While every planet still holds plentiful mysteries and abundant wonders, there is at least that one special feature which cracks us up! These are to me the wonders of the Solar system. The first one mentioned above. The Planet Earth with the perfect distance, spin, atmosphere, liquid water, and life definitely makes it to the top of charts. 

Mercury, the Roman Messenger God, having a year of less than three Earth months, is extreme! It is closest to the Sun, smallest yet dense. With no significant atmosphere, it has extreme temperature rise during the day and extreme drop during the night. The lack of atmosphere is also responsible for the intense battering the tiny planet faces. Mariner 10 first gave us close insight about Mercury and now it is the MESSENGER orbiting, mapping and revealing the secrets. Mercury is scarred, heavily cratered. The giant Caloris Basin, spanning 1550 kilometres is the most distinct geological feature on this little planet and is one of the largest multi ring impact basins in the solar system. 

Venus, the Roman Goddess of Love (I'm sure no woman would want to be from Venus) is hellish with its thick carbon dioxide clouds, toxic sulphuric acid and killing atmospheric pressures. It’s sluggish-a day on Venus lasts 243 Earth days (for all those who complain of 24 hours being too less should have a day out here) and spins retrograde. Well, it isn't all that bad! It’s the brightest one (and hottest) around! The greenhouse effect is one of the most extreme process happening here. It is what makes it the hottest planet-thick cover of carbon dioxide. You need RADAR eyes to penetrate this envelope. And beneath it you would see rolling plains, highlands, plateaus, lava plains and many (tens of thousands) volcanoes making Venus (courtesy the missions). The morphological range varies from huge Venusian shields to pancakes to coronas.

When it comes to the highest mountain volcano in the Solar System, it has to be Mars, the Roman God of War.  The Olympus Mons (over 25 kilometres) stands much taller than Mt Everest. The volcano would be something to look at! And if that wasn't enough spectacular, there is Valles Marineris, the longest (about 4000 km long) and deepest (2-7 km) equatorial canyon system. Still not enough? It has large impact basins- Hellas and Argyre! Mars is reddish due to the oxidized or rusted iron-rich minerals. Mars has valleys, volcanoes, canyons, fractures, craters. It experiences seasons and growing and receding ice caps. It is frequented by dust storms lasting for months, has huge ancient flood plains, gullies, channels. It is now being studied by a robot geologist-Curiosity. Evidence for liquid water and life remain the prime questions. With these remarkable features, Mars must be a geologist’s paradise!

Jupiter-the King of Roman Gods. It looks handsome, most massive (much massive than all planets put together), and superlative at a glance, true to its name, it never fails to impress. The Lord of the Planets has dozens of moons (60 +) at its behest. It has the shortest day in all planets (less than ten hours). Beautiful well segregated atmospheric bands are seen as latitudinal zonation. Its planetary atmosphere is the largest spreading. Hydrogen, hydrogen and more hydrogen and some Helium are the key constituents of it. The Great Red Spot is the grandest feature of Jupiter. Huge enough to engulf the Earth, it is an anti cyclonic storm persistent since few centuries.  Jupiter also has the strongest magnetic field in all planets. This gas giant with number of moons revolving around resembles a diminutive solar system! 

Well, well well, Saturn can’t be left behind when you speak of the wonders. If Jupiter is the Lord, Saturn is the Queen. Its beauty is awe-inspiring and colour stunning golden yellow. Blessed with the rings, they only add to its beauty. One can never forget the first time they watch Saturn through the telescope. It’s addictive. None of the planets have the complicated and glorious ring system as Saturn, it comprises of rings, ringlets, spokes of ice, dust, rock debris, fragments tiny and large.  Cassini has given us many extraordinary images from this ringed planet. Interesting fact: It’s less dense than water, so it would float given a HUGE tub! Saturn is sheer grace, absolute beauty. 

Uranus, the ice giant, isn't all that bland as it would seem. It’s dynamic and mysterious! Strong winds, bright clouds, ring system, seasonal variations, irregular magnetic field, large moons and small ones-that and much more! William Hershel is the discoverer of this planet. In fact the story of discovery of the planets Uranus and Neptune is in itself astounding. Its blue green hue (absorption of red) is because of the methane in its atmosphere along with hydrogen and helium. It appears toppled on one side (probably due to a collision in its early history) and rotates east to west.  Voyager 2 revealed many details about Uranus which were till then unexplored. And to remember the names of Uranus moons, thou art to read the Shakespeare’s plays! 

The smallest of the gas giants and the eighth planet of our Solar System-the intense azure Neptune, the Roman God of Sea, was on look out ever since the discovery of Uranus and subsequent detection of gravitational perturbation. Again, we owe a great deal to Voyager 2 flyby for particulars about Neptune. Very high speed winds (supersonic) prevail in the weather system of Neptune making it dynamic and varied. These are often sustained for a longer duration. Taking about 165 years to orbit the Sun, Neptune has completed only one orbit (in 2011) since it was discovered. Due to the strange elliptical orbit of the dwarf planet Pluto, Neptune sometimes goes beyond Pluto (for 20 years of 248 years).  The Great Dark Spot is the famous anti cyclonic storm detected on Neptune during the Voyager flyby, large enough to swallow the Earth which died out over time. Neptune too has a ring system. Neptune is cold and dark and yet many features remain unknown.

So what makes all the planets so unique? Why is it that all planets have evolved so differently? Negligible atmosphere on planet one, thick atmospheric cover on another, liquid water and booming life on next, a 25 kilometre volcano on red planet, then the gas giant, the rings making another one most breath taking, the ‘spinning-like-top’ planet, the supersonic winds on the last body we call as planet in the solar system! From dense surface of one to no surface at all! From no moons of a planet, to irregular moons, to more than 60 moons of another! From red to blue to azure planets! 

Posing more questions than solutions, this is the harvest of curiosity!

P.S: There can never be enough said about them. But these are just a few of the absorbing things we would get hooked to, to know more. And when so much is said about the planets, I should do justice to speak about their companions-their satellites too! Stay tuned!

**Figures, numbers, for orbit, rotation, revolution source NASA

The Voyager Milestone!

Milestones. These tell us about how farther we go. How much we have achieved. And how much more to go! And there are some milestones beyond imagination. One such milestone- the 36 year old Voyager-1 has recently achieved. Its breaks its own. It ventures where no Earth object has flown.  It is indeed a moment of awe and pride for the whole team behind it! Kudos to them! (Launched by NASA, September 1977).

A small spacecraft of few metres dimensions, high gain antennas, few kilobytes of memory and made of decades old technology, it has travelled far and wide. Literally. Voyager started off in 1970s, as a humble spacecraft to venture into the unknown, mainly to study Jupiter and Saturn. It gave us the snapshots of outer planets, discovered new satellites, added to our knowledge about the planetary atmospheres and magnetic fields, revealed active volcanism on Io, and sent back wonderful close-up of Saturn rings and Titan. Voyager gave us a colourful representation of Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites Ganymede, Europa, Callisto, Mimas, Tethys, as never before. Voyager gave us questions, which were much later answered (and still being) by Galileo, Cassini. 

Voyager stands true to its name. It sails through space near and far, ventures like a true traveller, unaware of the path and obstacles, yet determined. Voyager has reached newer milestones year by year, bit by bit. On Feb. 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the famous series of pictures of the Sun and the planets-'The Potrait of the Solar System' (PIA00451 is the mosaic, can be viewed at http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA00451 ). 

We always think of wonderful moments that people witnessed back in the Apollo era of 1960's and be hopeful of such wonders in our lifetime. And this one is indeed a special moment humanity is witnessing. Voyager at heliopause. About 18 billion kilometres from the Sun. Go voyager! We hope to receive intermittent news from you.

And just some food for thought! Where will it go now? How farther it can go? Till when will we be able to sense its signals? Will the aliens find it? What kind of surprises will it encounter?

Dreams

Deep down inside the cosiest corners of your heart

you often keep some things tightly locked up, 
some temporarily, some forever.

Some just pile up. Some are lost and gone.

But a few...have wings!

They refuse to be locked up in darkness forever.

They have enough strength to break the barriers.

They do not die. They are immortally eternal.

They do not get bogged down by the human bonds and chains.

They remain free. They fly. They breathe.

They take you to heights like never before, to magical lands like never visited.

They give you a reason.

A reason to believe and cope.

A reason not to merely exist.

A reason to smile and beam.

A reason to struggle and keep trying.

A reason to accept.

A reason to love yourself as never before.

These are dreams, tiny dreams yet having the power to transform and revolutionize. 

Dream. Set them free. Then follow them! Its a beautiful fantasy world!

Coffee Table Talks

Nerd Alert: Geological coffee table talks!

‘A lot can happen over coffee’, so says the tag line of a popular Café chain. Over the years I have realized the depth behind that. Completing assignments being the prime happening thing. And arguments the other. I think it’s the caffeine kick which makes you work more or argue more! So one such coffee table conference was heated up recently. It all started from a statement I would paraphrase ‘Ohh Geologists just make stories, they just lie about things, who is going to go back millions years and check!’ Ahhh, my mind screamed back “Another ignorant fella”. Well, but over the years (a small association of little less than a decade with Geology), I have encountered many such ‘laymen’. True, who would care for the rocks around you being 65 million years old or for the molten material beneath the surface of the Earth-the magma or for the fact that the landmasses on the Earth were a part of Supercontinent Rodinia, Pannotia, Pangaea over the geologic history! 

Geological reasoning is a skill as much as a science. There is mammoth amount of random Earth data around. But it has to be converted into understandable and usable information. Geologists have to collect this data, place it in a logical sequence and interpret it. It is a wholesome process of reconstruction. And then, if you think it’s all simple, then nature has its own ways to conceal the facts. So it will hide away all your evidence beneath a thick pile of weathered material, soil, volcanic ash or bury it beneath the dunes, plains or mountains or to make it worse, transport it miles away! If that’s not enough it will jumble up, mismatch or destroy some strata. It will throw rocks into folds, fault the blocks or rupture them. 

Okay, okay, this wasn't going in the right way I figured from the ‘you speak Hebrew’ expression on my coffee companion’s face!  Then I recalled my geology project during early years of learning Geology. It basically showed the day-to-day life things which are directly related to Geology (basically everything indirectly, but I didn't want to boast). The whole construction material of a house comes from the mine. The local rocks are generally used as building blocks (basalts, granites, limestones, etc.). The iron comes from Iron ores (Haematite, Magnetite, etc). Aluminium comes from the Bauxite ore. The copper for electric wirings, switches, cables comes from the Copper ores. And so on endlessly. The clays (a group of minerals) are used in bricks, floor, wall tiles. The micas as insulators, Gypsum in cement manufacturing. Quartz (Silica) has myriad applications as glass, abrasives, computer chips, refractories, precision instruments and varieties even as semi-precious gemstones. Where do you think the lead in your batteries comes from? What do you think steel is composed of? The jewels that you adorn be it metals like gold, silver or gemstones like sapphires, rubies, diamonds are all geological products. Well, even the Talc that you may apply is a mineral (softest mineral, 1 on Mohs scale of hardness)!

I was making sense. 

I wanted to be absolutely clear that day. Petrol prices are rising day by day, I said. Got a reflex angry reaction to that cursing the economy, country, politics, etc. I said calmly, do you know where the petrol comes from? Petroleum, a hydrocarbon comes from crude oil, which is formed when organic matter is buried under a thick pile of material and subjected to extreme temperature pressure. It is a gradual process of decaying and decomposition (slowly ‘cooking’ the organic matter) taking millions of years to form.  The way we are demanding it right now, it is soon going to be depleted in few centuries. Leave all that aside, the life sustaining drink (H2O, water), is stored in tiny pores inside the rocks as groundwater. This forms one of the most vital sources of fresh water in the world and the most important natural resource. 

I was making much more sense.

These are just few applications of Geology that we see around almost daily. Or which can be commonly related to. But Geology as a Science should be taken seriously too, I urged. 

Time for another coffee, we leave science for another day!

A basket full of geology!